From Nobel peace prize to civil war: how Ethiopia’s leader beguiled the world
Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed initially charmed the West as a reformer and Nobel Peace Prize winner, but ultimately led his country into a devastating civil war in Tigray. Despite early promises of democracy and reconciliation, his authoritarian tendencies and ethnic targeting resulted in massive violence and humanitarian catastrophe.
Summary
This analysis traces the dramatic rise and fall of Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, from his initial acclaim as a democratic reformer to his role in orchestrating one of the 21st century's worst conflicts. When Abiy came to power in 2018, he was celebrated by Western governments and media as a unifying figure who would democratize Ethiopia. As the first Oromo leader in modern Ethiopian history, he promised to heal ethnic divisions and implement liberal reforms. His early actions included releasing political prisoners, allowing opposition groups to return, and most notably, signing a peace deal with Eritrea that earned him the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize.
The West, particularly the United States under Ambassador Michael Rayner, enthusiastically supported Abiy, viewing him as a pro-Western alternative to the China-friendly Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) that had previously dominated Ethiopian politics. Between 2018 and 2023, America provided over $4.1 billion in aid to Ethiopia. International media largely avoided scrutiny of Abiy despite his refusal to hold press conferences or grant interviews.
However, warning signs emerged early. Ethnic violence erupted immediately after Abiy took power, displacing hundreds of thousands in southern regions. In his home region of Oromia, state authority collapsed in many areas as youth movements took control. The peace deal with Eritrea lacked substance and parliamentary ratification, serving more as a political alliance against the TPLF than genuine reconciliation.
Abiy systematically marginalized the TPLF and Tigrayans generally, viewing them as obstacles to his vision of remaking Ethiopia. Despite warnings from allies about using force, he pursued an increasingly confrontational approach. The situation deteriorated through 2020 as economic pressure mounted on Tigray, including budget cuts and currency changes that strangled the region financially. Civil war erupted in November 2020, lasting two years and claiming at least 600,000 lives, with widespread reports of mass rape and ethnic cleansing. The conflict represents a spectacular failure of Western policy and demonstrates how international enthusiasm for charismatic leaders can blind observers to authoritarian warning signs.
About this episode
When Abiy Ahmed took power in Ethiopia, he was feted at home and abroad as a great unifier and reformer. Two years later, terrible violence was raging. How did people get him so wrong? By Tom Gardner. Help support our independent journalism at <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/longreadpod">theguardian.com/longreadpod</a>
Key Insights
- People who worked closely with Abiy Ahmed became increasingly reluctant to speak about him publicly, with many refusing interviews or blocking contact even when living safely in Western countries
- Western diplomats and officials became so enamored with Abiy that they joked about asking for his autograph, with one British aid official comparing meetings with him to encountering a rock star
- The US Embassy's 2018 strategy document praised Abiy's strong Western orientation and viewed his administration as a once-in-a-generation opportunity to pull Ethiopia from China's orbit
- Abiy's peace deal with Eritrea lacked substantive details, with no written agreement ratified by parliament and no concrete provisions for trade, currency conversion, or border demarcation
- The peace agreement with Eritrea functioned more as a political alliance against the TPLF than genuine reconciliation, with Eritrean President Afewerki calling Tigrayans 'vultures' whose demise was imminent
- Massive ethnic violence and displacement began within days of Abiy taking power, with hundreds of thousands displaced in southern Oromia alone, comparable to Myanmar's Rohingya crisis
- Abiy systematically portrayed the TPLF and Tigrayans as the sole source of Ethiopia's problems, blaming them even for basic infrastructure failures like power and water cuts
- Despite the devastating two-year war that killed at least 600,000 people, the US and EU are now seeking to gradually rehabilitate Abiy's government and treat Ethiopia as a problem solved
Topics
Transcript
This is The Guardian. Welcome to The Guardian Long Read, showcasing the best long-form journalism covering culture, politics and new thinking. For the text version of this and all our Long Reads, go to theguardian.com forward slash long read. This article contains some strong language. From Nobel Peace Prize to civil war, how Ethiopia's leader beguiled the world by Tom Gardner. I'm sorry, I don't know anything about Abiy Ahmed. The message flashed up from someone I had been told to call Napoleon. It was the middle of 2023, six years after I had first arrived in Ethiopia, and one year after I'd left, in the midst of a war which was terrible. It was a war that was tearing…
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