Group Think
Host Shankar Vedantam explores the psychological science of group identity with researcher Jay Van Bavel, examining how group membership shapes our perceptions, behaviors, and loyalties. The conversation covers both the unifying and divisive power of groups, from Nelson Mandela's use of rugby to unite South Africa to how social media amplifies tribal divisions.
Summary
This Hidden Brain episode delves into the psychology of group identity through conversations with NYU psychologist Jay Van Bavel and researcher Colton Scrivner. The episode begins with the story of Nelson Mandela using the 1995 Rugby World Cup to unite post-apartheid South Africa, demonstrating how a skilled leader can transform symbols of division into symbols of unity. Van Bavel explains how group identities profoundly shape human perception and behavior, citing studies showing that people prefer maple syrup over honey when primed with Canadian identity, and that the smell of a sweaty shirt seems more disgusting when believed to belong to a rival university student. The discussion reveals that even arbitrary group assignments (like preferences for abstract artists Paul Klee vs. Wassily Kandinsky) can create immediate in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. The episode explores how social media amplifies group divisions through moral emotional language and 'dunking on the out-group,' making content 67% more likely to go viral. However, Van Bavel also discusses positive applications of group identity science, such as diverse police forces reducing use of force, sports teams bridging religious divides in Iraq, and how shared crises can create broader inclusive identities. The episode concludes with strategies for harnessing group psychology to address challenges like political polarization and climate change, emphasizing the importance of creating superordinate goals and identities that transcend existing divisions.
About this episode
How do the groups you identify with shape your sense of self? Do they influence the beer you buy? The way you vote? In this favorite episode from 2021, psychologist Jay Van Bavel explains how our group loyalties affect us more than we realize, and can even shape our basic senses of sight, taste and smell. Then, look out! There's a g-g-g-ghost! Psychologist Coltan Scrivner answers listener questions about the surprising benefits of scary entertainment.
Key Insights
- Group identities function as powerful psychological lenses that shape not only our preferences but our basic sensory perceptions of smell, sight, and proximity
- Even completely arbitrary group assignments based on random coin flips can create immediate loyalty, favoritism, and willingness to discriminate against out-groups within minutes
- When people's group identity becomes salient, they automatically prefer products and symbols associated with that group, as demonstrated by Canadians preferring maple syrup when primed with national identity
- Social media algorithms reward moral emotional language and negative comments about opposing groups, with 'dunking on the out-group' being 67% more likely to go viral
- People physiologically respond to their in-group's success as if they personally achieved it, with brain responses showing they experience reflected glory from group victories
- Shared stressful experiences create powerful bonds between strangers by generating common purpose and identity, as seen in hostage situations and crisis responses
- Diversifying organizations like police forces can significantly reduce discriminatory behavior, with Black and Hispanic officers using force far less often than white officers, especially with Black civilians
- Sports can serve as a powerful tool for reducing prejudice, as demonstrated by Mo Salah's presence on Liverpool reducing anti-Muslim hate crimes by 16% in the area
- Fact-checking and accuracy nudges fail to work on people at political extremes because their group identity overpowers these interventions
- Political polarization has shortened family gatherings like Thanksgiving by roughly 30 minutes and created dating discrimination based purely on voting preferences
- Creating superordinate goals that require cooperation between opposing groups can overcome even deep-seated animosities and religious divisions
- The human tendency to form in-groups and out-groups exists in every culture studied and stems from evolutionary survival needs in small tribal communities
Topics
Transcript
This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedantam. When Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black president in 1994, he had big dreams for his bitterly divided country. We enter into a covenant that we shall build a society, a rainbow nation, at peace with itself and the world. He had spent a lifetime fighting the racist apartheid regime, including more than a quarter century in prison. He was a heroic figure already by that time. But to many white South Africans, they saw him as a criminal and a terrorist. This is psychologist Jayvan Bevel. As president of a united South Africa, Nelson Mandela, or Madiba as he was known to his supporters, needed to find a way for the…
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